https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ciastek93
Conlanger - Wkład użytkownika [pl]
2026-04-18T21:12:45Z
Wkład użytkownika
MediaWiki 1.45.1
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=28240
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2019-11-22T06:44:59Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-Nat|Moim językiem ojczystym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', mam licencjat z tego języka. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了四年的中文了，三年我讀過學士（民族語言學），然後在武漢大學讀了一年的中文課程}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu. Čeština se mi moc líbí ;)}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 2000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: tradycyjne i uproszczone).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienawidzi oraz nie umie używać '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyka|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki, głównie klimaty indie oraz skoczny synthpop, ale też sporo muzyki z Azji, zwłaszcza Chiny, Tajwan, Wietnam.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Absolwent niderlandystyki i etnolingwistyki I stopnia, na etnolingwistyce uczyłem się języka angielskiego oraz chińskiego (tajwański guoyu) od podstaw.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=28239
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2019-11-22T06:44:09Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-Nat|Moim językiem ojczystym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', mam licencjat z tego języka. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了四年的中文了，三年我讀過學士（民族語言學），然後在武漢大學讀了一年的中文課程}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 2000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: tradycyjne i uproszczone).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienawidzi oraz nie umie używać '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyka|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki, głównie klimaty indie oraz skoczny synthpop, ale też sporo muzyki z Azji, zwłaszcza Chiny, Tajwan, Wietnam.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Absolwent niderlandystyki i etnolingwistyki I stopnia, na etnolingwistyce uczyłem się języka angielskiego oraz chińskiego (tajwański guoyu) od podstaw.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=28238
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2019-11-22T06:43:23Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-Nat|Moim językiem ojczystym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', mam licencjat z tego języka. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了四年的中文了，三年我讀了學士，然後在武漢大學讀了一年的中文課程}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 2000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: tradycyjne i uproszczone).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienawidzi oraz nie umie używać '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyka|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki, głównie klimaty indie oraz skoczny synthpop, ale też sporo muzyki z Azji, zwłaszcza Chiny, Tajwan, Wietnam.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Absolwent niderlandystyki i etnolingwistyki I stopnia, na etnolingwistyce uczyłem się języka angielskiego oraz chińskiego (tajwański guoyu) od podstaw.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=28237
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2019-11-22T06:43:01Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-Nat|Moim językiem ojczystym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', mam licencjat z tego języka. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了四年的中文了，三年我讀了學士，然後在武漢大學讀了一年的中文課程}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 2000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: tradycyjne i uproszczone).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienawidzi oraz nie umie używać '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyka|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki, głównie klimaty indie oraz skoczny synthpop, ale też sporo muzyki z Azji, zwłaszcza Chiny, Tajwan, Wietnam.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Absolwent niderlandystyki i etnolingwistyki I stopnia, na etnolingwistyce uczyłem się języka angielskiego oraz chińskiego (tajwański guoyu) od podstaw.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=28236
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2019-11-22T06:42:36Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-C2↔|Moim językiem ojczystym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', mam licencjat z tego języka. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了四年的中文了，三年我讀了學士，然後在武漢大學讀了一年的中文課程}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 2000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: tradycyjne i uproszczone).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienawidzi oraz nie umie używać '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyka|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki, głównie klimaty indie oraz skoczny synthpop, ale też sporo muzyki z Azji, zwłaszcza Chiny, Tajwan, Wietnam.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Absolwent niderlandystyki i etnolingwistyki I stopnia, na etnolingwistyce uczyłem się języka angielskiego oraz chińskiego (tajwański guoyu) od podstaw.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=28235
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2019-11-22T06:36:17Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑld<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɐɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɐɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ ~ ɐɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=15639
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2016-09-21T21:06:33Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-C2↔|Językiem ojczystym mym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', obecnie jestem na I roku niderlandystyki II stopnia, trzymajta kciuki! Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了一年的中文了}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|de-A½↓|Potrafiłem się posługiwać językiem '''niemieckim''' na poziomie A2/B1, lecz wszystko z liceum zapomniałem i nie uczę się już tego języka, bo się strasznie pierdoli z niderlandzkim. Uważam, że dobrze jest go znać, ale sam na razie nie chcę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|ua-A¼↔|Liznąłem trochę '''ukraińskiego''', na razie stagnacja, ale wrócę doń.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 900-1000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: obie).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienaiwdzi '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyczny hipster|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść. :D :D :D<br />
Student niderlandystyki (II stopnia) i etnolingwistyki (I stopnia; angielski i mandaryński) UAM, Poznań.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=15638
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2016-09-21T21:05:02Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-C2↔|Językiem ojczystym mym jest '''język polski''', z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Więcej niż podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''', obecnie jestem na I roku niderlandystyki II stopnia, trzymajta kciuki! Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了一年的中文了}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|de-A½↓|Potrafiłem się posługiwać językiem '''niemieckim''' na poziomie A2/B1, lecz wszystko z liceum zapomniałem i nie uczę się już tego języka, bo się strasznie pierdoli z niderlandzkim. Uważam, że dobrze jest go znać, ale sam na razie nie chcę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|ua-A¼↔|Liznąłem trochę '''ukraińskiego''', na razie stagnacja, ale wrócę doń.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 900-1000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: obie).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienaiwdzi '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyczny hipster|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=15637
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2016-09-21T21:03:04Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-C2↔|Językiem ojczystym mym jest '''język polski''' z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Znam podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''' i obecnie jestem na II roku niderlandystyki. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了一年的中文了}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|de-A½↓|Potrafiłem się posługiwać językiem '''niemieckim''' na poziomie A2/B1, lecz wszystko z liceum zapomniałem i nie uczę się już tego języka, bo się strasznie pierdoli z niderlandzkim. Uważam, że dobrze jest go znać, ale sam na razie nie chcę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|ua-A¼↔|Liznąłem trochę '''ukraińskiego''', na razie stagnacja, ale wrócę doń.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 900-1000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: obie).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienaiwdzi '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyczny hipster|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=U%C5%BCytkownik:CookieMonster93&diff=15636
Użytkownik:CookieMonster93
2016-09-21T21:01:59Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="float: right; 1px silver;" <br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Natlangi'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|pl-C2↔|Językiem ojczystym mym jest '''język polski''' z czego bardzo się cieszę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|en-C1↑|Dogadam się w mowie i piśmie po '''angielsku''', moje wokabjuleri jest zbliżone do amerykańskiego, akcent również (choć haczy trochę już o Kanadę i mam nadzieję, że będzie jeszcze bardziej).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|nl-B2/C1↑|Znam podstawy '''niderlandzkiego''' i obecnie jestem na II roku niderlandystyki. Mój akcent jest bardzo flamandzki, ale gdy trzeba potrafię trochę charczeć jak Holendrzy.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|zh-A2/B1↑|我學了一年的中文了}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|lat-A1↓|Uczyłem się języka '''łacińskiego''', ze swoimi notatkami umiem tłumaczyć teksty, ale generalnie robiłem to tylko na zajęciach na I roku, podejrzewam, że z czasem wszystko z głowy wyleci.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|cs-A½↑|Próbuję się uczyć języka '''czeskiego''' sam w domu.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|de-A½↓|Potrafiłem się posługiwać językiem '''niemieckim''' na poziomie A2/B1, lecz wszystko z liceum zapomniałem i nie uczę się już tego języka, bo się strasznie pierdoli z niderlandzkim. Uważam, że dobrze jest go znać, ale sam na razie nie chcę.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|ua-A¼↔|Liznąłem trochę '''ukraińskiego''', na razie stagnacja, ale wrócę doń.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#9BF|#EEF|is-A0↓↓↓|Uczyłem się '''staroislandzkiego''' i mam nadzieję, że szybko wyleci z głowy, póki co idzie mi to dobrze.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Pisma'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|łacinka|Ten użytkownik zna '''alfabet łaciński'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|cyrylica|Ten użytkownik zna '''cyrylicę''' (wersja: ukraińska, rosyjska i białoruska oraz umiejętność czytania południowo-słowiańskich).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|Ελληνική|Ten użytkownik nie umie pisać, lecz generalnie nie ma problemów z czytaniem '''greckiego alfabetu''' (wersja: klasyczna).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|漢子/汉字 Hanzi|Ten użytkownik zna około 900-1000 znaków '''pisma chińskiego''' (wersja: obie).}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#FED|#FFD|IPA|Ten użytkownik zna '''IPA''' i nienaiwdzi '''X-SAMPA-y'''.}}<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|'''Inne'''<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#F99|#FDD|Canada|Jestem zakochany '''Kanadzie''', marzy mi się zamieszkać w Vancouver.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#A78|#FEA|Vlaams|Uważam, że '''flamandzka''' wymowa niderlandzkiego jest dużo ładniejsza niż holenderska.}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|liberalizm & pastafarianizm|Jestem bardzo otwarty w swych poglądach i lubię spaghetti. Ramen!}}<br />
|-<br />
|{{Userbox|#CCC|#EEE|muzyczny hipster|Słucham dużo nikomu nieznanej muzyki.}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
'''CookieMonster93''' - Mam na imię Tomasz i uwielbiam jeść.<br />
<br />
[[Kategoria:Użytkownicy]]</div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14223
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-23T08:40:50Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑld<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14220
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T17:57:30Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14219
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T17:55:25Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14218
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T17:00:54Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ɐ̝ ~ ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14217
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:54:33Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ɐ̝ ~ ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14216
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:53:27Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝ ~ ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠ ~ ɜ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14215
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:49:20Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14214
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:47:37Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14213
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:46:54Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ʌ̠<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14212
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:46:11Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14211
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-22T16:44:34Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14209
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:39:44Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14208
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:17:46Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~dᶻ<ref name="p9"/>~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪~ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14207
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:17:12Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14206
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:15:41Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14205
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:14:18Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14204
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:12:59Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14203
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:10:20Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"> Między samogłoskami.</ref><br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ <ref name="p11"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14202
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:07:28Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości.</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14201
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:06:55Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród mieszkańców małych miejscowości</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14200
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:05:37Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród średniego pokolenia, popularny również wśród młodzieży klasy niskiej i klasy średniej</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14199
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:03:25Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród średniego pokolenia, popularny również wśród młodzieży klasy niskiej i klasy średniej</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14198
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T21:01:55Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10">Najpowszechniejszy wariant wśród średniego pokolenia, popularny również wśród młodzieży klasy niskiej i klasy średniej</ref> ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/> ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ <ref name="p10"/><br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14197
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T20:58:28Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ <ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14196
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T20:57:05Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ <ref name="p9">Obecne tylko wśród najstarszego pokolenia (60+) niezależnie od klasy, choć ludzie wykształceni przejmują często inne warianty wymowy.</ref> ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ<ref name="p9"/> ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪ <ref name="p9"/><br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14195
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:49:59Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14194
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:48:53Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego (oba dyftongi) w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przesunięcie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14193
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:46:54Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Przeniesienie dyftongu /aʊ/ do przodu przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14192
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:46:07Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯ <ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8">Wznoszenie dyftongu /aʊ/ przed spółgłoską nosową w dialekcie centralnym i amerykańskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯ <ref name="p8"/><br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14191
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:41:48Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<ref name="p7"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14190
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:40:48Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯ <ref name="p7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raising Canadian raising] - wznoszenie /aɪ/, /aʊ/ lub obu przed bezdźwięczną spółgłoską. Dotyczy Kanady (oba dyftongi), dialektów północnoamerykańskich (/aɪ/) oraz gwary południowej i częściowo gwary tomaszowskiej dialektu zachodniego w Nowej Fundlandii.</ref><br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<ref name="p3"/><br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<ref name="p3"/><br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p3"/><br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<ref name="p3"/><br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<ref name="p3"/><br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14189
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:32:36Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ <ref name="p6">Wymowa rozpowszechniona wśród młodzieży klasy średniej oraz w środowiskach hip-hopowych oraz wśród ludzi migrujących z obszarów dialektu wschodniego.</ref> ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14188
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:26:26Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów. Gdy zachodzi to zjawisko, brytyjskim /ɒ/, /ɑː/ i /ɔː/ odpowiada jeden dźwięk.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14187
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:22:50Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features Æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p3"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14186
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:22:21Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features Æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Cot.E2.80.93caught_merger cot-caught merger] w tradycyjnym dialekcie centralnym. Występuje również we wszystkich dialektach Kanady i wśród ~39-50% Amerykanów.</ref><br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ <ref name="p1"/><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p5">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14185
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:16:28Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features Æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g <ref name="p4">Przejście /ɒɡ/ i /ɒŋ/ w /ɔːɡ/ i /ɔːŋ/ w nowofundlandzkim angielskim.</ref><br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14184
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:14:07Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features Æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_low_back_vowels#Lot.E2.80.93cloth_split lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14183
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:13:13Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski). Wzniesienie samogłoski następuje również w Kanadzie i USA, patrz [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English#Other_common_features Æ-tensing]</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th <ref name="p3">[http://www.example.com lot-cloth split] w amerykańskim angielskim /ɒ/ > /ɒː/, a potem /ɒː/, /ɔː/ > /ɔ/.</ref>, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14182
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T18:07:47Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji (Nowofundlandzki angielski).</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93
https://jezykotw.webd.pl/w/index.php?title=Nowofundlandzki_angielski&diff=14181
Nowofundlandzki angielski
2015-09-21T16:37:38Z
<p>Ciastek93: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| b'''a'''n, d'''a'''mn <ref name="p1">Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /ɛə/ przed spółgłoskami nosowymi oraz [ɡ] i /a/ w każdej innej pozycji.</ref><br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| eə̯<br />
| ɛə̯<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛə̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | a<br />
| colspan=3 | æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
| rowspan=3 | æ ~ a<br />
|-<br />
| t'''a'''g, b'''a'''g, r'''a'''ng <ref name="p1"/><br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | æ ~ æ̝ˑ ~ ɛə̯ ~ eə̯<br />
|-<br />
| l'''a'''d, b'''a'''d, c'''a'''t<br />
| rowspan=2 | a<br />
| rowspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | a<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | æ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | æ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''a'''ss, p'''a'''th<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑː <ref name="p2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_short_A#Trap.E2.80.93bath_split trap-bath split] Rozbicie fonemu /æ/ na /æ/ i /ɑː/ w brytyjskim angielskim.</ref><br />
|-<br />
| f'''a'''ther<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒˑ ~ ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɑˑ<br />
| rowspan=5 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɑ̈ˑ<br />
| rowspan=3; colspan=3 | ɒˑ<br />
| rowspan=5; colspan=2 | ɒ ~ ɑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ ~ ä<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o'''t, b'''o'''ther, c'''o'''t<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɒ ~ ɔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th, w'''a'''nt<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɔ ~ ɒ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ ~ ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɔˑ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɔ̝ˑ<br />
|-<br />
| l'''aw''', c'''augh'''t, '''a'''ll<br />
| oː<br />
|-<br />
| '''a'''bout<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=2 | ə̞ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ə̞ ~ ɜ<br />
| colspan=3 | ə<br />
| ə<br />
|-<br />
| comm'''a''', sod'''a'''<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɐ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɜ ~ ɐ ~ ʌ̠<br />
| colspan=3 | ɐ<br />
| ɐ?<br />
|-<br />
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d<br />
| ɯ̽ ~ ɐ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɯ̽<br />
| ʌ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̈ ~ ɐ̝<br />
| ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ<br />
|-<br />
| p'''u'''t, h'''oo'''d, w'''oul'''d<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ ~ u<br />
| u<br />
| ʊ ~ u<br />
| ʊ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ<br />
| colspan=3 | u<br />
| colspan=3 | ʊ<br />
| ʊ ~ ɵ̠<br />
|-<br />
| thr'''ough''', y'''ou'''<br />
| colspan=2 | uˑ ~ u̞u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| uˑ ~ u̟u̯<br />
| uˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪu̯<br />
| u̟u̯ ~ ʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | u̟<br />
| ɵu̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''u'''te, '''ewe'''<br />
| colspan=2 | juˑ ~ ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| juˑ ~ ju̟u̯<br />
| juˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | jɪu̯<br />
| ju̟u̯ ~ jʉu̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ju̟<br />
| ju̟ː ~ jʉː<br />
|-<br />
| spott'''e'''d<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɪ̈<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ̈<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''i'''t, f'''i'''x<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=2 | ɪ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪ<br />
|-<br />
| cit'''y''', happ'''y'''<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| colspan=2, rowspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| i<br />
| colspan=3 | i ~ ɪ<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| d'''a'''te, d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝i̯ ~ eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | eˑ<br />
| eˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | eɪ̯ ~ e<br />
| ɛɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ail'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩ ~ eˑl ~ eə̯ɫ <br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ̝jəl ~ ɛ̝jl̩<br />
| colspan=2 | eə̯ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | eˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | e(ɪ̯)ə̯ɫ<br />
| ɛɪ̯ə̯ɫ ?<br />
|-<br />
| s'''ee''', m'''ea'''t<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=2 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | iˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | i<br />
| ɪj<br />
|-<br />
| b'''e'''t, br'''ea'''d<br />
| ɛ<br />
| ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛ<br />
| e̞ ~ ɛ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| m'''y''', w'''i'''se, h'''igh'''<br />
| ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ai̯ ~ ɐi̯<br />
| ɐi̯<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɑ̈i̯<br />
| ɑ̈i̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜi̯<br />
| ai̯<br />
| colspan=3 | aɪ̯ ~ ʌi̯<br />
| ɑɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| b'''oy''', h'''oi'''st<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔi̯ ~ oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔi̯<br />
| oi̯<br />
| colspan=3 | oi̯<br />
| ɔɪ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɪ̯ ~ oɪ̯<br />
| oɪ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''o''', s'''oa'''p, f'''o'''lk<br />
| ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔu̯<br />
| ʌ̠ʉ̯ ~ əʉ̯<br />
| ʌ̠u̯<br />
| colspan=3 | o̝ˑ<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o<br />
| əʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| c'''old''', s'''old'''<br />
| ɔˑld<br />
| ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔˑld<br />
| colspan=2 | ʌ̠u̯ɫd<br />
| colspan=3 | oˑl<br />
| colspan=3 | oʊ̯ ~ o ~ oə̯<br />
| əʊ̯ ~ ɒʊ̯ ~ ɔʊ̯<br />
|-<br />
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t<br />
| au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | au̯ ~ ɐu̯<br />
| ɐu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | æʊ̯ ~ eə̯ʊ̯<br />
| colspan=2 | ɜu̯<br />
| au̯<br />
| äʊ̯ ~ ʌu̯<br />
| colspan=2 | äʊ̯ ~ æʊ̯<br />
| au̯<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ur'''n, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''ld<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| rowspan=3 | ɵˑ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=4 | ɚ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=3 | ɝ ~ ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| rowspan=3 | əː(ɹ) ~ ɜː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| h'''er'''d, '''ear'''th, h'''er'''b<br />
|-<br />
| b'''ir'''d, g'''ir'''l <br />
|-<br />
| winn'''er''', fav'''o(u)r'''<br />
| ɜ ~ ɚ + V<br />
| colspan=3 | ɚ ~ ɹ̩<br />
| (ɐ?) ~ ə(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''ar'''m, c'''ar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑɹ ~ ɑ̈ɹ ~ aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɑ̈ɹ<br />
| aˑ ~ aɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | aɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɑɹ<br />
| ɑː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| d'''eer''', h'''ere'''<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| iɜ̯ ~ i(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | i(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ɪə̯(ɹ) ~ ɪː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| m'''are''', th'''ere''', b'''ear'''<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ̝ɹ<br />
| ɛˑ ~ ɛɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛɹ<br />
| ɛɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ ~ eɹ<br />
| ɛə̯(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| s'''or'''t, w'''ar'''m, b'''oar'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| oˑ ~ oɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | oɹ<br />
| ɔɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| t'''our''', m'''oor'''<br />
| u(ə̯)ɹ <br />
| ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| uɜ̯ ~ u(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | u(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| ʊɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | ʊɹ ~ ɔɹ ~ oɹ<br />
| ɵː(ɹ) ~ oː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
| '''Eur'''ope, p'''ure'''<br />
| ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=2 | jʊ(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| juɜ̯ ~ ju(ə̯)ɹV<br />
| colspan=2 | ju(ə̯)ɹ<br />
| colspan=3 | jʊɹ ~ jɝ ~ jɚ<br />
| jɵː(ɹ) ~ joː(ɹ)<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fonem(y)<br />
! colspan=2 | General NFE<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt zachodni<br />
! colspan=2 | Dialekt centralny<br />
! colspan=3 | Dialekt wschodni<br />
! rowspan=2 | General<br />
Canadian<br />
! colspan=2 | General American<br />
! rowspan=2 | Received<br />
Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
! East & West<br />
! Central<br />
! Southern<br />
! Thomasow<br />
(central)<br />
! Krikow<br />
(northern)<br />
! Trad.<br />
! New<br />
! Trad. <br />
Non-rhotic<br />
! Trad. <br />
Rhotic<br />
! New<br />
! With cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
! Without cot-<br />
-caught<br />
merger<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng'''er, si'''ng''' ͜ it!<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋɡ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋɡ<br />
| rowspan=2; colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| si'''ng''', ri'''ng''', thi'''ng'''<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=2 | ŋ<br />
| colspan=3 | ŋ<br />
|-<br />
| do'''ing''', anyth'''ing'''<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=2 | ɪŋ ~ ɪn<br />
| colspan=2 | n̩ ~ ən<br />
| ɪ̈ŋ ~ ɪ̈n<br />
| colspan=3 | ɪŋ<br />
| ɪŋ<br />
|-<br />
| be'''tt'''er, par'''t'''y<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | tˢ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | ɾ<br />
| t<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| la'''dd'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | dᶻ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| d<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ink, a'''th'''letic<br />
| colspan=2 | θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=2 | θ ~ t̪<br />
| θ<br />
| colspan=3 | θ<br />
| θ<br />
|-<br />
| '''th'''ey, o'''th'''er<br />
| colspan=2 | ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=2 | ð ~ d̪<br />
| ð<br />
| colspan=3 | ð<br />
| ð<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''o, re'''t'''urn<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | tʰ<br />
| tʰ<br />
|-<br />
| s'''t'''ing, restar'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| rowspan=2 | t<br />
|-<br />
| be'''t''', pe'''t''', star'''t'''<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ t̚ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̚ ~ ʔ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | t ~ t̚ ~ ʔ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''o, un'''d'''o<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| rowspan=2 | d<br />
|-<br />
| di'''d''', ma'''d'''e<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| d̪ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | dᶻ ~ ɾ<br />
| colspan=3 | d ~ ɾ<br />
|-<br />
| '''t'''une<br />
| colspan=2 | t̪ ~ tˢ<br />
| colspan=3 | t̪<br />
| t̪ ~ t͡ɕ<br />
| t̪<br />
| colspan=3 | t͡ɕ<br />
| colspan=3 | t<br />
| tj ~ t͡ʃ<br />
|-<br />
| '''d'''uke<br />
| colspan=2 | d̪ ~ dᶻ<br />
| colspan=3 | d̪<br />
| d̪ ~ d͡ʑ<br />
| d̪<br />
| colspan=3 | d͡ʑ<br />
| colspan=3 | d<br />
| dj ~ d͡ʒ<br />
|-<br />
| '''l'''ook, '''l'''ike<br />
| rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3; rowspan=2 | l̪<br />
| colspan=3 | l ~ ɫ<br />
| l<br />
|-<br />
| a'''ll''', peop'''le'''<br />
| ɫ<br />
| colspan=2 | ɫ<br />
| colspan=3 | ɫ<br />
| ɫ<br />
|-<br />
<br />
= Przypisy =<br />
<references/></div>
Ciastek93