Użytkownik:Zabojad2137/Brudnopis

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Ciekawe zmiany

  • glottalizacja samogłoski w nagłosie,
  • podniesienie /ɨ/ do /s/ po /p/ i /k/,

Język derywowany z proto-pirkirskiego

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Etap 0.

Dwie harmonie - nosowości i rotyczności, już na etapie protojęzyka.

Etap I.

Słabe i mocne samogłoski

Samogłoski słabe:

  • na końcu słowa,
  • przed sylabą z samogłoską długą/akcentowaną/nosową/rotyczną,
  • między dwoma sylabami z samogłoskami mocnymi,
  • na początku słowa przed sylabą z samogłoską silną

Samogłoski słabe przechodzą w szwę.

Aspiracja /p t k ʔ/ w sylabach akcentowanych

  • *taaká => taːˈka => taːˈka => taːˈkʰa
  • *taa'á => taːˈʔa => taːˈʔa => taːˈha - */ʔʰ/ przechodzi w /h/

Derotyzacja samogłosek rotycznych

W nieakcentowanej sylabie:

  • [aʳ] > [ɾa]
  • [iʳ] > [ɾi]
  • [uʳ] > [ɾu]

W akcentowanej sylabie:

  • [a] > [aɾ]
  • [i] > [iɾ]
  • [u] > [uɾ]

Zbitki /p k t/ + /ɾ/ powstałe jako efekt derotyzacji zamieniają się w /pʰ kʰ tʰ/. Aspirowane zwarcie krtaniowe zamienia się w /h/.
Struktura sylaby pod koniec etapu pierwszego - CV(ɾ).

Etap II.

Szwa (zredukowana samogłoska w pozycji słabej) wypada całkowicie tworząc zupełnie nową strukturę sylaby - (C)CV(C), oraz wydłużając poprzedzającą samogłoskę.

Rozbicie i zanik samogłosek nosowych

Samogłoski nosowe na końcu wyrazu zostają obniżone (w przypadku /a/ podniesione) i pozbawione nazalizacji:

  • [ã] > [oː]
  • [ĩ] > [eː]
  • [ũ] > [oː]

Reszta samogłosek nosowych zostaje rozbita:

  • [ã] > [on]
  • [ĩ] > [en]
  • [ũ] > [on]

Zbitki i metateza

Nie wszystkie zbitki w nagłosie sylaby są dopuszczalne, o strukturze zbitki stanowi hierarchia sonorności: /j w/ > /ɾ/ > /m n ŋ/ > /p t k/ > /s x/ > /h ʔ/

Aspiracja obstruentów

Obstruenty (/p t k/) po których następuję /h/ zostają aspirowane:

  • *pahaa => pa̯haː => phaː => pʰaː
Ubezdźwięcznienie spółgłosek nosowych i /ɾ/ w zbitkach /hC/ i /Ch/.
  • *haraa => haɾaː => hə̯ɾaː => hɾaː => ɾ̥aː
  • *hamaa => hamãː => hə̯mãː => hmãː => m̥oː
  • *hanaa => hanãː => hə̯nãː => hnãː => n̥oː
  • *hagaa => haŋãː => hə̯ŋãː => hŋãː => ŋ̥oː
  • *rahaa => ɾahaː => ɾə̯haː => ɾhaː => ɾ̥aː
  • *mahaa => mãhaː => mãhaː => mãhaː => mon̥aː
  • *nahaa => nãhaː => nãhaː => nãhaː => non̥aː
  • *gahaa => ŋãhaː => ŋãhaː => ŋãhaː => ŋon̥aː
Deaspiracja w zbitkach z /s/

W zbitkach /s/ + aspirowana, dochodzi do deaspiracji - tylko w nagłosie sylaby.

  • *situr => situʳ => sə̯tuʳ => stʰu => stu

*Nosówki

  • [j̃] i [w̃] zlewają się w /j̃/ > /ʒ/ albo /ʝ/ albo /ʑ/
  • /sj/ i /si/ > /ɕ/

Infiksacja po rozbiciu nosówek na Vn:

  • *'inkáa => ʔĩˈkaː => ʔĩˈkaː => ʔĩˈkaː => ʔeˈknaː

Infiksacja po rozbiciu rotycznych na Vr:

  • *'ártii => ˈʔaʳtiː => ˈʔaʳtiː => ˈʔaɾtiː => ˈhatɾiː

*Zbitki w nagłosie po wypadnięciu szwy

j w r m n g p t k s x h ʔ
j jj jw jr jm jn jg jp jt jk js jx jh jʔ
w wj ww wr wm wn wg wp wt wk ws wx wh wʔ
r rj rw rr rm rn rg rp rt rk rs rx rh rʔ
m mj mw mr mm mn mg mp mt mk ms mx mh mʔ
n nj nw nr nm nn ng np nt nk ns nx nh nʔ
g gj gw gr gm gn gg gp gt gk gs gx gh gʔ
p pj pw pr pm pn pg pp pt pk ps px ph pʔ
t tj tw tr tm tn tg tp tt tk ts tx th tʔ
k kj kw kr km kn kg kp kt kk ks kx kh kʔ
s sj sw sr sm sn sg sp st sk ss sx sh sʔ
x xj xw xr xm xn xg xp xt xk xs xx xh xʔ
h hj hw hr hm hn hg hp ht hk hs hx hh hʔ
ʔ ʔj ʔw ʔr ʔm ʔn ʔg ʔp ʔt ʔk ʔs ʔx ʔh ʔʔ

*Lexurgy

Feature Type(*cons, vowel, diphthong)
Feature Height(close, nearclose, closemid, mid, openmid, nearopen, open)
Feature Frontness(front, central, back)
Feature Roundness(rounded, unrounded)
Feature Length(*short, long)

Feature Rhoticization(*nonrhotic, rhotic)
Feature Nasalization(*unnasalized, nasalized, prenasalized)

Feature Stress(*unstressed, stressed)

Feature Place(bilabial, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, labiovelar, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal)
Feature Manner(nasal, stop, plosive, fricative, approximant, tap, trill)
Feature Voicing(*voiceless, voiced)
Feature Aspiration(*unaspirated, aspirated)

Feature Strength(*strong, weak)

Diacritic ʰ [aspirated]

#Diacritic ́  (floating) [stressed]
Diacritic ˈ (floating) [stressed]
Diacritic ̃  [nasalized]
Diacritic ː [long]
# Diacritic ˞  [rhotic]
Diacritic ʳ [rhotic]
Diacritic ̯  [weak]
Diacritic ̥  [voiceless]

Symbol a [vowel open unrounded central]
Symbol i [vowel close unrounded front]
Symbol u [vowel close rounded back]

Symbol ɨ [vowel close unrounded central]
Symbol ə [vowel mid unrounded central]

Symbol ai [diphthong front]
Symbol au [diphthong back]

Symbol m [voiced bilabial nasal]
Symbol n [voiced alveolar nasal]
Symbol ŋ [voiced velar nasal]

Symbol p [voiceless bilabial stop]
Symbol t [voiceless alveolar stop]
Symbol k [voiceless velar stop]
Symbol ʔ [voiceless glottal stop]

Symbol s [voiceless alveolar fricative]
Symbol x [voiceless velar fricative]
Symbol h [voiceless glottal fricative]

Symbol ɾ [voiced alveolar tap]
Symbol j [voiced palatal approximant]
Symbol w [voiced labiovelar approximant]

Symbol ᵐp [prenasalized voiceless bilabial stop]
Symbol ⁿt [prenasalized voiceless alveolar stop]
Symbol ᵑk [prenasalized voiceless velar stop]

Class stop {p, t, k}
Class glide {j, w}

Deromanizer:
  [vowel] n => [nasalized] * / _ {[cons], $}
  [vowel] r => [rhotic] * / _ {[cons], $}
  [vowel] [vowel] => [long] *
  [stressed] => [stressed] / [vowel] _
  r => ɾ
  ' => ʔ
  g => ŋ
  y => j

# two things happen before the rhotic vowels disappearance:
#  - nasal harmony
#    nasal vowel/consonant spreads the nasality - stopped by any cons except glides
# sanaˈya => sanãˈj̃ã => sa̯nãˈj̃ã => snãˈj̃ã => snãˈj̃a
# santaˈ  => sãtaˈ     => sãtaˈ      => sãtaˈ    => sãtʰaˈ
# sanjaˈ  => sãj̃ãˈ   => sãj̃ãˈ    => sãj̃ãˈ  => sãj̃aˈ
# naja    => nãj̃ã    => nãj̃ã     => nãj̃ã   => nãj̃a
# nawa    => nãw̃ã    => nãw̃ã     => nãw̃ã   => nãw̃a
nasal-harmony propagate:
  @glide => [nasalized] / [nasalized] _
  [vowel] => [nasalized] / [nasal] _
  [vowel] => [nasalized] / [nasalized] _

#  - rhotic harmony
#    rhotic vowel spreads rhoticity to next short vowel
# tarkaˈ => taʳkaʳˈ  => taʳkaʳˈ  => tʰakar
rhotic-harmony [short vowel] propagate:
  [] => [rhotic] / [rhotic] [cons]? _
  
Romanizer-harmonies:
  unchanged

# .---------.  
# | Stage I |  
# '---------'

mark-weak [vowel]:
  [short nonrhotic unnasalized unstressed] => [weak] / _ $
  Then:
  [short nonrhotic unnasalized unstressed] => [weak] / _ {[long], [stressed], [nasalized], [rhotic]}
  Then:
  [short nonrhotic unnasalized unstressed] => [weak] / [strong] _ [strong]
  Then:
  [short nonrhotic unnasalized unstressed] => [weak] / $ _ [strong]

weak-to-schwa:
  [weak] => [vowel mid unrounded central]

Romanizer-weak:
  unchanged

#unstressed rhotic into rV
rhotic-unstressed [rhotic unstressed]:
  [vowel open unrounded central] => ɾa
  [vowel close unrounded front] => ɾi
  [vowel close rounded back] => ɾu

# maybe change the syllable(or word?) final ɾ to t ? 
# the rule below also causes weird consonant clusters(maybe limit with  / _ [cons/stop]? [vowel]) 
# maybe some assimilation? or retroflex consonants (don't like them really)

rhotic-stressed [rhotic stressed]:
  [vowel open unrounded central] => aˈɾ
  [vowel close unrounded front] => iˈɾ
  [vowel close rounded back] => uˈɾ

# stop+r => aspirated stop
# piʳˈkiʳ => priˈkir => pʰiˈkir
# miʳˈkiʳ => mri'kir

stop-rhotic-to-aspirated: 
  @stop ɾ => [aspirated] * / _ [vowel]

# .----------.  
# | Stage II |  
# '----------'

drop-weak:
  [vowel short nonrhotic unnasalized] => [long] / _ [cons] [weak]
  [weak] => *

# before sorting out the horrible clusters resulting from drop-weak

Romanizer-weak-dropped:
  unchanged

####################################################################
#                         CLUSTERS                                 #
####################################################################

approximant-to-vowel:
  {w, j} => {ʔu, ʔi} / _ [cons]

glottal-stop-geminate:
  ʔʔ => k

glottal-stop-clusters:
  {[stop !glottal], [nasal], ɾ}$1 [glottal stop] => $1 $1

# TODO: 
initial-glottal-stop-cluster:
  ʔ j => * ʔij
  ʔ w => * ʔuw
#  * [glottal stop] => k * / $ _ [!stop]

# taakaˈ => taːkaˈ => taːkaˈ => taːkʰaˈ
# taa'aˈ => taːʔaˈ => taːʔaˈ => taːhaˈ # aspirated glottal stop becomes h
aspirate-stops-stressed-syllable:
  @stop => [stop aspirated] / _ [stressed] // [stop] _
  ʔ => h / _ [stressed] // [stop] _

# pahaa       => pa̯haː       => phaː        => pʰaː
stop-h-clusters-to-aspirated:
  [stop] h => [aspirated] *

# haraa       => ha̯raː       => hraː        => ɾ̥aː
# hamaa       => ha̯maː       => hmaː        => m̥aː
# hanaa       => ha̯naː       => hnaː        => n̥aː
# hagaa       => ha̯gaː       => hgaː        => ŋ̥aː
h-nasal-liquid-to-voiceless:
  h {[nasal], ɾ} => * [voiceless]
  {[nasal], ɾ} h => [voiceless] *

#prenasalized stops, efect of the weak vowel loss producing the clusters:
# {m, n, g} {p, t, k}
#prenasalized-stops:
#  @stop => [prenasalized] / [nasalized] _
#  @stop => [prenasalized] / [nasal] _

metathesis:
  [nasal]$1 [stop]$2 => $2 $1
  [tap]$1 [stop]$2 => $2 $1 / $ _
  {ɾ, m, n}$1 {p, t, k, s}$2 => $2 $1

# siturpi => si̯tuʳpi̯ => stʰuːp => stuːp
# turpi   => tuʳpi̯    => tʰuːp  => tʰuːp
# should this work only at word beginning? Or maybe only when new syllable?
# tursitur => tuʳsi̯tuʳ => tʰuːstʰu => tʰuːstʰu
# or maybe take the english path and deaspirate only in s + cons?
deaspirate-clusters:
  s [aspirated] => s [unaspirated]

####################################################################
#                      CODA                                        #
####################################################################

# what about coda consonants? For now there can be any consonant in coda.

# ʔaːj # 
# ʔaːw #
# ʔaːɾ # can mix with /t/
# ʔaːm # good
# ʔaːn # good
# ʔaːŋ # 
# ʔaːp # good
# ʔaːt # can mix with /r/
# ʔaːk # good
# ʔaːs # good
# ʔaːx # good
# ʔaːh # vanish and elongated vowel before
# ʔaːʔ # ? in coda can be realized as creaky voice or change of tone

####################################################################
#                       VOWEL SHIFT                                #
####################################################################

# ai -> e
# au -> o

# a  ->
# i  ->
# u  ->

# a: -> 
# i: -> ie
# u: -> ɨu au # don't change u: before labials and after /j/

####################################################################
#                       Experimental                               #
####################################################################


# I want simple syllable structure:
# (#L)CVT
# L - geminate or ?T, only at the beggining of a morpheme/lexeme/word
# C - any consonant
# V - any vowel/diphthong
# T - p, t, k, s, r, n, m, ng

# i need some variations in vowels
# In Miyako (Ryukyuan language) /ɨ/ rises to syllabic /s/ after /p/ and /k/.
# So assuming that short /i/ transforms into /ɨ/ and then to /s/:
#   ki     => ks
# i need some alternations in vowels & consonants
# palatalization - short /i/ palatalizes?
# i need to deal somehow with nasal & rhotic vowels
# nasal harmony? eg.
# roots:  kan      saa
# suffix: -ja      -ja
# word:   kanna(n) saaja
# alt:    kanjan

# merge short nasals into õ and e~
# long nasals ?
# change vowels in open/closed syllables?
#umlaut [vowel]:
#  [] => i / _ [front]

# rhythmic rule like in Slovak, however one of the Ryukyuan languages requires 
# the word to have at least two moras, so it artificially lengthens the vowel
rhythmic-rule [vowel]:
  [long] => [short]/ $ [long]+ [short]? _ 

# rhoticization
rhoticization: 
  s => ɾ / [vowel] _ [vowel]

# nasal vowels__
# loss at the end of a word
# other positions - Vn ? 
denasalize-final: 
  [nasalized] => [unnasalized] / _ $

Przypisy

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